Business Report on Ethical Dilemma of Driving †Free samples

Question: What is Business report on Ethical Dilemma of Driving? Answer: Introduction The company is in a rush to be first to market with a new product of self-driving electric cars, which having undergone various tests and simulations and passed, are deemed by the management to be ready for the market. However, according to the AI Consultant, there is still a little bit of work to be done form a technical and safety point of view to ensure the cars are fully ready for real life situations. This will entail creating some simulations for accident scenarios where life and death decisions have to be made by the car. This report gives insights into the situation, discussing the underlying ethical principles the company, and especially the AI intelligence is faced with, the various scenarios possible; a recommendation is made at the end of this report on what can be done given the scenarios ethical dilemma so that there is a win-win situation for all stakeholders. Ethical Dilemma facing the AI (Artificial Intelligence) Consultant The AI Consultant is in a unique situation with regards to ethics; indeed he faces a huge dilemma; on the one hand, the consultant wants to ensure he does his job and adheres to the industrys ethical principles and ensure the self-driving cars are safe for the users and other stakeholders, including pedestrians and other road users. Knowing that while the tests have been successful and the self-driving cars have been learning, the consultant still knows they are machines and the real world situation is very different from a test situation, this is a huge dilemma. On the other hand, the self-driving cars are a business and not an exercise in practice; it is therefore important that the company gets the cars to market first before competitors get ready for the market (Lin, 2013). The ethical dilemma, therefore, is What if something goes terribly wrong and the self-driving cars are unable to make the right decisions during emergencies or life and death situations? The consultant faces the dilemma that in the event of an accident situation where a choice must be made; there is an oncoming car full of children that is going to crash into it and could cause the bus to fall off a cliff; on another hand, the self-driving car is carrying a single elderly passenger, if it decides to swerve, it could fall of a cliff and injure or kill the passenger, while getting destroyed at the same time. This is a huge ethical and moral dilemma; there is also the possibility that the situation is not realistic and in any case, the cars have been tested and that would possibly be a doomsday scenario unlikely to ever happen. So if he passes the cars are fit for road use, he will be hoping nothing drastic happens, and if it does not, he will be vindicated. But if indeed there is an accident scenario and there are injuries and damages, or even fatalities, he will always feel guilty and may have to take full responsibility. Consequences for both AI Consultant and the car customers The consequences of the ethical dilemma could be immense; if nothing happens, then no problem, what you dont know will never hurt. However, in the event there is an accident; for instance, the self-driving car malfunctions or another driver causes it to make a decision that causes injury or death; it could be a legal tussle, especially for the AI consultant and the company, the consequences can be very profound and get himself charged with professional negligence. For the customers, they would also shoulder legal liability that their self-driving cars malfunctioned when they had been assured the cars were fully tested, even for emergency situations. They would probably pass the liability to the manufacturer, and would themselves suffer local and national ramifications for endangering lives or causing a fatality. While there are no laws banning self-driving cars, based on the principle of no crime without a law, this is where ethics come in (The Ethics of Autonomous Cars, 2013). The AI consultants Duty The field of AI has ethical guidelines that the consultant will have to adhere to, these include; Robots must never be designed solely for the purpose of harming or killing human beings The responsible agents are humans, not the robots as the robots are tools humans design to perform certain functions. Robots need to be designed in a manner in which their security and safety is assured Being artifacts, robots should never be designed so that they exploit vulnerabilities in users by evoking dependency or emotional responses; further, a robot should always be differentiated form a human The person legally responsible for a robot should always be possible to find (Norman, 2011). The AI consultant is charged with the responsibility of ensuring the self-driving cars are safe for road use, and this requires them to ensure this is achieved, including by creating crash simulations and where life and death decisions need to be made. The consultant is therefore duty bound to ensure the cars are tested and made to learn situations in which there could be accidents and how to respond. As the EPRSC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) principles state, a human being must be responsible for a robot on the understanding that the robots are a tool. The consultant must therefore ensure the life and death situations are done to assure safety (Nyholm Smids, 2016). Ethical response to the Dilemma from the point of View of a caring person The moral caring person will first respond to the dilemma by stating that as the principles state, all procedures must be followed to the letter, and so, if the AI consultant wants simulations for life and death situations to be created and tested on the cars before they are released, then this must be done at whatever cost (Simon, 2017). The principles say that humans must be responsible for robots, therefore, the company and the AI consultant must remain responsible for the self-driving cars, including the possible accidents that may occur, and also to ensure that they remain safe to the users, owners, and other members of the public; because as humans have already taught alien intelligence moral lessons, this should be done to robots too (Rini, 2017). Building robots and self-driving cars is parenting, the robots, just like children must be given moral lessons and life compass. Relevant ACS Codes The ACS Code of Professional Conduct is a set of ethical codes that every professional member or affiliate of the ACM (Association for Computing machinery). The codes are supplemented by additional guidelines; the important codes are listed below; Public interest is to be placed above the interests of business, personal, or sectional interests To enhance the quality of life of those that your work affects Honesty in the presentation of skills, services, knowledge, and products Work diligently and competently to all stakeholders and that of staff and colleagues Enhancement of personal professional development Enhancing the integrity of ACS and the respect members have for each other (Australian Computer Society, 2014) For the self-driving cars case, code 1 and 3 apply; code 1 states that every professional must public interest above those of personal, business or other sections; so by passing the vehicles as safe without simulation and testing the cars response in life and death decision situations, the consultant will be breaking code 1. Code 3 has to do with honesty; passing the cars as safe, yet knowing that they have not been tested shows dishonesty chicanery unbecoming of a professional Ethical grounds for Defending the AI Consultant in passing the Electric vehicles Despite all the testing and simulation, the self-driving cars can never be achieve perfect safety; this is because there are other dynamics involved, such as involvement of other drivers, pedestrians, and natural weather phenomena that can result in unexpected performance. Even if the car was tested for many situations where life and death decisions must be made, how should it behave where death or injury is inevitable? The self-driving cars are not synonymous with autonomous driving and expecting this would be pushing the cars beyond their limit (Berman, 2015). A common situation is where suddenly, there is a group of eight children crossing the road that the self-driving car is sure to plough through; the other alternative is to hit an elderly beggar on the opposite kerb. What should the self-driving car do? It will eventually be involved in or cause accidents when inevitable (MIT Technology Review, 2015). Further, accidents cannot be predicted, that is why they are called accident s, and some situations chance of occurrence in real life, even for human drivers are next to remote (Lin, Robot Cars And Fake Ethical Dilemmas, 2017); the responses to crashes can be updated as they happen (if they happen), so the consultant would be fully justified if he passed the cars as safe for real life use. Recommendation to overcome the Dilemma It is not possible to predict every accident situation and simulate it, there are just too many variables, so the best approach would be to be adjusting car behavior and developing algorithms based on real life situations. The other solution is to use a video game approach where even as the self-driving cars drive around, in the event they have a decision dilemma, it can ring technical support where human beings can take control, using on board cameras and override the auto-pilot and make a decision, such as emergency braking or choosing what to do. References The Ethics of Autonomous Cars. (2013, October 08). Retrieved May 05, 2017, from The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/10/the-ethics-of-autonomous-cars/280360/ Australian Computer Society. (2014, April). ACS Code of Professional Conduct. Retrieved May 05, 2017, from Australian Computer Society: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/ACS%20Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf Berman, B. (2015, Oct 21). Drivers Push Teslas Autopilot Beyond Its Abilities. Retrieved May 05, 2017, from Technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/542651/drivers-push-teslas-autopilot-beyond-its-abilities/ Lin, P. (2013). The ethical dilemma of self-driving cars. Retrieved May 05, 2017, from Ted Ed: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-ethical-dilemma-of-self-driving-cars-patrick-lin Lin, P. (2017, Apr 03). Robot Cars And Fake Ethical Dilemmas. Retrieved may 05, 2017, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/patricklin/2017/04/03/robot-cars-and-fake-ethical-dilemmas/#13a2660413a2 MIT Technology Review. (2015, Oct 22). Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill. Retrieved May 05, 2017, from technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/542626/why-self-driving-cars-must-be-programmed-to-kill/ Norman, J. (2011). Ethical principles for Designers, Builders and Users of Robots. Retrieved Apr 05, 2017, from History of Information: https://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=4109 Nyholm, S., Smids, J. (2016). The Ethics of Accident-Algorithms for Self-Driving Cars: an Applied Trolley Problem? Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12751289. Rini, R. (2017, Feb 22). Raising good robots. Retrieved May 04, 2017, from AEON: https://aeon.co/essays/creating-robots-capable-of-moral-reasoning-is-like-parenting Simon, M. (2017, March 13). To make us All Safer, Robocars Will Sometimes Have to Kill. Retrieved may 05, 2017, from Wired: https://www.wired.com/2017/03/make-us-safer-robocars-will-sometimes-kill/

Rumors, Lies and Essay Topics for Toefl 2014

Rumors, Lies and Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 Below are a few tips to help you acquire the absolute most out of your studying. This guide has all of the hints you want to succeed on TOEFL Writing. So, you would like to do a little bit of practice so as to be ready for the writing section of your English language test. Honest, dedicated practice is a lot more useful and potent. With the aid of technology, life is easier today than before. You should also think about seeking professional assistance. Improving the grade of your English writing is a procedure which requires continuous work. There are a few ways that you can enhance your score by employing some basic strategies. It can likewise be beneficial to review other TOEFL writing samples to receive a better idea about what a terrific TOEFL essay appears like. This list of questions appears right on the TOEFL practice website and could show up on your real TOEFL writing test. Eventually, you are going to want to have a c omprehensive TOEFL practice examit's the only method to be fully ready for the TOEFL. If you're going to succeed in the IELTS test you must be using and exposing yourself to English everyday. Risks can hamper the grade of your paper and decrease your opportunity of submitting the paper fast and in time. Writing about a different topic is a simple means to receive a minimal score. An excellent prep book can be absolutely the most important study tool you use, and we've got information on all the ideal TOEFL prep books you should think about. It's also important your usage of grammar is powerful and consistent, even though it doesn't need to be perfect to find a top score. A far better thing to do is to begin a vocabulary notebook. Affordable essay writing service for affordable superior outputs. When you compose the essay by yourself, you still have to visit the library to research on your favorite topic to discuss, etc.. Don't attempt to make an essay by memorizing paragraphs on several topics before the test and then hoping to relate them to the topic you get, because the content won't be appropriate and you will just get a very low score. For more data on the most frequent topics, please visit my most typical topics page. For the Independent Writing task, you're get a question on a specific topic or issue. Then you are going to listen to a lecture concerning the very same topic. You will obviously not have the ability to predict the precise topic that will come up. The topic is going to be a comprehensive surprise. Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 Secrets That No One Else Knows About Because of the numerous risks, you're very likely to face when you order and pay for essay on the internet, you have to be careful when picking the service to trust. You obviously don't need to think about this many ideas and a number of the ideas are far better than others, but the point I am attempting to make is there are tons of relevant' ideas you could think about. The money is sufficient to purchase either a slice of jewelry you want or tickets to a concert you wish to attend. You may want to take down a couple of words on your scratch pad, simply to remember. Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 - Is it a Scam? Also, en sure that your support points all relate clearly to the subject, and prevent redundancy that is saying the very same things again and again, just using different words. If you simply use a good deal of words and sentences which don't really support the points you're making about this issue, or in case you develop empty ideas not regarding the subject, you're get a minimal score. The structure doesn't have to be somewhat different, though. There are a few different means by which you might structure an essay like, but the simplest one could possibly be the very best. You're going to be graded on the level of your writing in addition to how well your response represents the principal points of the audio clip and written passage and the way they relate to one another. Your response ought to be 150-225 words. The responses will be transmitted in and evaluated by four unique folks. Some people think that the very best method of learning about life is by listening to the help of family members and friends. Other people think that the very best method of learning about life is by way of personal experience. Some people think that university students should be asked to attend classes. There are those who feel that it ought to be compulsory for students to attend college and university classes while some feel that students ought to have the option of attending or not attending. The Hidden Facts About Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 Knowing the most usual IELTS essay topics permits you to revolve around the most significant vocabulary. There are tw o major means by which you can use the most typical IELTS essay topics to your benefit. Each section should have a minumum of one separate paragraph. One of the most difficult sections to prep for on the TOEFL may be the essay.

Baseball and Society Research Paper Topics

Baseball and Society Research Paper TopicsBaseball and Society research paper topics should be focused and specific. It is necessary to write about the common situations in which the sport occurs, but it is also essential to stay away from writing about all of the historical events that have taken place in the past. This type of research paper will help you understand the dynamics of the sport and the reactions of other players to events and change. You will be able to combine your knowledge of history with your experiences to answer a question.If you're interested in knowing how the history of the game affects its players and fans, the appropriate topic for you is 'The Future of Baseball and Society.' The issue at hand is whether or not the sport will continue to grow in the future. The possibilities are unlimited, but will the sport be as popular as it was during the 1950s?Baseball and Society research paper topics should include questions on the degree to which people embrace new and controversial topics. New and controversial topics make some people uncomfortable, so they tend to avoid them. Others, however, embrace them because they are comfortable with the ideas and concepts being discussed. Baseball and Society research paper topics should deal with this issue. While you are conducting research, ask yourself how often the sports and society discussion are avoided.Baseball and Society research paper topics should deal with the issues that shape society. You should learn why different people are attracted to different sports. Do you think the reasons affect people's opinions? You may learn why basketball or football attracts some people, while others would like to consider soccer or tennis.Baseball and Society research paper topics should deal with the differences between people who engage in sports for recreation and those who do it for competition. Many people enjoy competitive games, while others prefer the challenge of a recreational sport. In addition , some people take part in both.Baseball and Society research paper topics should deal with how the population of a region affects a sports team. You will want to know if certain factors, such as certain geography, correlate with the results of the team. If there is a large concentration of people in a certain area, then chances are that the team will be popular. If there is a low population density, then the team will probably not do well.Baseball and Society research paper topics should cover people's views about the ability of athletes to change their body and their minds. This is often thought to be impossible, but studies have shown that athletes can indeed learn how to take care of their bodies and change their mindsets. They can develop the skill to gain knowledge, but they must also show initiative.Baseball and Society research paper topics should focus on the different types of players and the roles they play on teams. You should be able to relate information to different t ypes of players. You should also be able to identify their strengths and weaknesses so that you can plan your own team.

College Application Essay Tips For Girls

College Application Essay Tips For GirlsEvery year, Girl Scouts college application essays are submitted in droves. Hundreds if not thousands of applications are being accepted every single day. This is an amazing opportunity for girls to make a difference and a huge responsibility on the part of their parents.The writing and editing process for an application has become more complicated than ever, and girls should be wary of the fact that they need to write a smart essay that will stand out from the crowd. It's really tough to know how to approach a college application essay when you're out looking for information. Most Girl Scout literature is written with an educational and child-friendly tone.Most likely, this will lead you to believe that there are no college application essay tips that you can use. For one thing, most of them are common sense. Things like showing passion, listening attentively to others, and having a positive attitude can go a long way towards helping you get a good grade in the college essay. Every reader is looking for a message that will truly affect them, not just a thought that should get passed along in the hopes that it will make them feel better.In any case, college application essays are really easy for girls to do, even if they have never written one before. By following a few basic steps, you can really boost your chances of getting a good grade. College applications are typically five to six pages long, and you'll want to know what you're going to say in every paragraph. You don't have to copy and paste each paragraph word for word; that's not the right approach.In a college application essay, there are some pieces of information that you'll want to emphasize but that won't necessarily require as much writing time as the rest of the essay. These things include your past experiences, the type of education you wish to receive, and any other aspects that you may be qualified to speak about. Some applicants also take this opportun ity to share their accomplishments or extracurricular activities, so talk about those as well.Your cover letter needs to be creative, but also authentic. The cover letter is where you get to do what you think is right in conveying your self-esteem to the people you're addressing. Just make sure that it looks professional and that it sounds sincere, and do it in a way that will allow readers to trust you.By following these tips, you can help your chances of getting a good grade in a college application essay by simply making sure that you use a few ideas that have been proven effective by students who already have good grades. This approach will be both educational and successful, so start thinking about it today.

Dream Essay Sample - How to Make it More Interesting

Dream Essay Sample - How to Make it More InterestingIf you've ever read any of the other dream essays, you might have noticed that they use very similar wording throughout. In fact, if you look at just about every dream essay sample you'll see the same basic thing- the theme of your dream.Unfortunately, most of these dreams samples will only include the first paragraph of your dream, and the 'instrumental' part of your dream. What you're left with is one paragraph that repeats everything you'd already written on your own. That's not very interesting at all.Sometimes this may be the case, but even then the theme is the same. It might be something like 'One day I was in the clouds', or 'I thought I was in heaven'. But the thing is, you need to make it interesting. There are a few things you can do to make this a little bit more interesting, so read on.Now that you know what the specific situation is, you can apply that to your dreams. For example, if you dream about being back in schoo l, you can tell your dreams essay sample by making sure that you talk about yourself being back in school. 'I dreamed about being back in school,' could be your own personal way of saying 'I'm going to go back to school', or it could be saying 'I am going to take my classes.' Just remember to make it specific enough to really make an impact.When you talk about what you want in life, you can think about what you want in dreams. For example, if you want to have a beautiful house with lots of nice lawns, you could write about having a beautiful house. You can also talk about traveling and having a nice vacation.As you put together your dreams essay sample, think about what it means that you were a kid in the cloudsor a child in heaven. Remember how you were there, and start to think about the things you were in the clouds or in heaven, and then start thinking about what the opposite of that is. Think about what you want to be and write those down too.I hope this has helped you make you r dreams essay more interesting. Good luck! Have fun!

Johnson Was Born On Aug. 27, 1908, Near Johnson City, Tex., The Eldest

Johnson was born on Aug. 27, 1908, near Johnson City, Tex., the eldest son of Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., and Rebekah Baines Johnson. His father, a struggling farmer and cattle speculator in the hill country of Texas, provided only an uncertain income for his family. Politically active, Sam Johnson served five terms in the Texas legislature. His mother had varied cultural interests and placed high value on education; she was fiercely ambitious for her children. Johnson attended public schools in Johnson City and received a B.S. degree from Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. He then taught for a year in Houston before going to Washington in 1931 as secretary to a Democratic Texas congressman, Richard M. Kleberg. During the next 4 years Johnson developed a wide network of political contacts in Washington, D.C. On Nov. 17, 1934, he married Claudia Alta Taylor, known as "Lady Bird." A warm, intelligent, ambitious woman, she was a great asset to Johnson's career. They had tw o daughters, Lynda Byrd, born in 1944, and Luci Baines, born in 1947. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House. Johnson greatly admired the president, who named him, at age 27, to head the National Youth Administration in Texas. This job, which Johnson held from 1935 to 1937, entailed helping young people obtain employment and schooling. It confirmed Johnson's faith in the positive potential of government and won for him a group of supporters in Texas. In 1937, Johnson sought and won a Texas seat in Congress, where he championed public works, reclamation, and public power programs. When war came to Europe he backed Roosevelt's efforts to aid the Allies. During World War II he served a brief tour of active duty with the U.S. Navy in the Pacific (1941-42) but returned to Capitol Hill when Roosevelt recalled members of Congress from active duty. Johnson continued to support Roosevelt's military and foreign-policy programs. During the 1940s, Johnson and his wife developed profitable business ventures, including a radio station, in Texas. In 1948 he ran for the U.S. Senate, winning the Democratic party primary by only 87 votes. (This was his second try; in 1941 he had run for the Senate and lost to a conservative opponent.) The opposition accused him of fraud and tagged him "Landslide Lyndon." Although challenged, unsuccessfully, in the courts, he took office in 1949. Senator and Vice-President Johnson moved quickly into the Senate hierarchy. In 1953 he won the job of Senate Democratic leader. The next year he was easily re-elected as senator and returned to Washington as majority leader, a post he held for the next 6 years despite a serious heart attack in 1955. The Texan proved to be a shrewd, skillful Senate leader. A consistent opponent of civil rights legislation until 1957, he developed excellent personal relationships with powerful conservative Southerners. A hard worker, he impressed colleagues with his attention to the details of legislation and his willingness to compromise. In the late 1950s, Johnson began to think seriously of running for the presidency in 1960. His record had been fairly conservative, however. Many Democratic liberals resented his friendly association with the Republican president, Dwight D. Eisenhower; others considered him a tool of wealthy Southwestern gas and oil interests. Either to soften this image as a conservative or in response to inner conviction, Johnson moved slightly to the left on some domestic issues, especially on civil rights laws, which he supported in 1957 and 1960. Although these laws proved ineffective, Johnson had demonstrated that he was a very resourceful Senate leader. To many northern Democrats, however, Johnson remained a sectional candidate. The presidential nomination of 1960 went to Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. Kennedy, a northern Roman Catholic, then selected Johnson as his running mate to balance the Democratic ticket. In November 1960 the Democrats defeated the Republican candidates, Richard M. Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, by a narrow margin. Johnson was appointed by Kennedy to head the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities, a post that enabled him to work on behalf of blacks and other minorities. As vice-president, he also undertook some missions abroad, which offered him some limited insights into international problems. Presidency The assassination of President Kennedy on November 22,

Free Essays on Analysis Of T.S. Eliots Rhapsody On A Windy Night

â€Å"Half-p... Free Essays on Analysis Of T.S. Eliot's Rhapsody On A Windy Night Free Essays on Analysis Of T.S. Eliot's Rhapsody On A Windy Night Analyzation of T.S. Eliot’s Rhapsody on a Windy Night This poem seemed to have no purpose but to tell a story at first, but after rereading it, I found many interesting things that point to something bigger, however, I am not sure what. I particularly liked how Eliot announced the time at the beginning of each descriptive section. The poem starts with the words â€Å"Twelve o’clock.† This sets sets the scene and shows the main character’s obsessive nature. The diction in this poem is greatly descriptive and allows the reader to really see things through the narrator’s eyes. The first stanza illustrates to the reader the man’s surroundings and the sounds that he hears in the darkness. The second stanza starts with â€Å"Half- past one,† and once again, uses a very short, simple sentence to have a profound effect on the reader. He then begins talking about the street-lamp. â€Å"The street-lamp sputtered, The street-lamp muttered, The street-lamp said...† This makes it seem as if the street-lamp is instructing the narrator to do things. The street-lamp tells him to regard a woman with a torn and stained dress and an eye that â€Å"twists like a crooked pin.† He then goes into â€Å"a crowd of twisted things† from his memory. He remembers a twisted branch upon the beach and a broken spring in a factory yard that is â€Å"hard and curled and ready to snap.† I do believe that this represents something far greater than a bed spring, however, I cannot determine what it might be. After that flashback type stanza, he begins again with â€Å"Half-past two.† The street-lamp comes into play and commands him to remark a cat, which he compares to a child. The author then speaks of the child’s eyes and the things he has seen in the street. He just leads one thing into another, as if writing everything that occurs in his mind when he sees something. The next stanza begins again with the words â€Å"Half-p...